Consulta de SQL server para obtener la lista de columnas de una tabla junto con los tipos de datos, NOT NULL y las restricciones de CLAVE PRIMARIA

El procedimiento almacenado sp_columns devuelve información detallada de la tabla.

exec sp_columns MyTable

Puedes usar la consulta:

select COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, 
       NUMERIC_PRECISION, DATETIME_PRECISION, 
       IS_NULLABLE 
from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
where TABLE_NAME='TableName'

Para obtener todos los metadatos que necesita excepto la información Pk.

Prueba esto:

select COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, IS_NULLABLE 
from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS IC
where TABLE_NAME = 'tablename' and COLUMN_NAME = 'columnname'

En SQL 2012 puede usar:

EXEC sp_describe_first_result_set N'SELECT * FROM [TableName]'

Esto le dará los nombres de las columnas junto con sus propiedades.

Para asegurarse de obtener la longitud correcta, debería considerar los tipos unicode como un caso especial. Véase el código a continuación.

Para más información ver: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms176106.aspx

SELECT 
   c.name 'Column Name',
   t.name,
   t.name +
   CASE WHEN t.name IN ('char', 'varchar','nchar','nvarchar') THEN '('+

             CASE WHEN c.max_length=-1 THEN 'MAX'

                  ELSE CONVERT(VARCHAR(4),

                               CASE WHEN t.name IN ('nchar','nvarchar')

                               THEN  c.max_length/2 ELSE c.max_length END )

                  END +')'

          WHEN t.name IN ('decimal','numeric')

                  THEN '('+ CONVERT(VARCHAR(4),c.precision)+','

                          + CONVERT(VARCHAR(4),c.Scale)+')'

                  ELSE '' END

   as "DDL name",
   c.max_length 'Max Length in Bytes',
   c.precision ,
   c.scale ,
   c.is_nullable,
   ISNULL(i.is_primary_key, 0) 'Primary Key'
FROM    
   sys.columns c
INNER JOIN 
   sys.types t ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id
LEFT OUTER JOIN 
   sys.index_columns ic ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
LEFT OUTER JOIN 
   sys.indexes i ON ic.object_id = i.object_id AND ic.index_id = i.index_id
WHERE
   c.object_id = OBJECT_ID('YourTableName')

Ampliando la respuesta de Alex, puedes hacer esto para obtener la restricción PK

Select C.COLUMN_NAME, C.DATA_TYPE, C.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, C.NUMERIC_PRECISION, C.IS_NULLABLE, TC.CONSTRAINT_NAME
From INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS As C
    Left Join INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS As TC
      On TC.TABLE_SCHEMA = C.TABLE_SCHEMA
          And TC.TABLE_NAME = C.TABLE_NAME
          And TC.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
Where C.TABLE_NAME = 'Table'

Debo haber omitido que desea una bandera para determinar si la columna dada era parte de la PK en lugar del nombre de la restricción PK. Para eso usarías:

Select C.COLUMN_NAME, C.DATA_TYPE, C.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH
    , C.NUMERIC_PRECISION, C.NUMERIC_SCALE
    , C.IS_NULLABLE
    , Case When Z.CONSTRAINT_NAME Is Null Then 0 Else 1 End As IsPartOfPrimaryKey
From INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS As C
    Outer Apply (
                Select CCU.CONSTRAINT_NAME
                From INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS As TC
                    Join INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE As CCU
                        On CCU.CONSTRAINT_NAME = TC.CONSTRAINT_NAME
                Where TC.TABLE_SCHEMA = C.TABLE_SCHEMA
                    And TC.TABLE_NAME = C.TABLE_NAME
                    And TC.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
                    And CCU.COLUMN_NAME = C.COLUMN_NAME
                ) As Z
Where C.TABLE_NAME = 'Table'

IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
     WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE' AND TABLE_NAME = 'Table')
      BEGIN
        SELECT COLS.COLUMN_NAME, COLS.DATA_TYPE, COLS.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, 
              (SELECT 'Yes' FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS TC JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE KCU
                              ON COLS.TABLE_NAME = TC.TABLE_NAME 
                             AND TC.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
                             AND KCU.TABLE_NAME = TC.TABLE_NAME
                             AND KCU.CONSTRAINT_NAME = TC.CONSTRAINT_NAME
                             AND KCU.COLUMN_NAME = COLS.COLUMN_NAME) AS KeyX
        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS COLS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'Table' ORDER BY KeyX DESC, COLUMN_NAME
      END

Lanzando otra respuesta al ring, esto te dará esas columnas y más:

SELECT col.TABLE_CATALOG AS [Database]
     , col.TABLE_SCHEMA AS Owner
     , col.TABLE_NAME AS TableName
     , col.COLUMN_NAME AS ColumnName
     , col.ORDINAL_POSITION AS OrdinalPosition
     , col.COLUMN_DEFAULT AS DefaultSetting
     , col.DATA_TYPE AS DataType
     , col.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH AS MaxLength
     , col.DATETIME_PRECISION AS DatePrecision
     , CAST(CASE col.IS_NULLABLE
                WHEN 'NO' THEN 0
                ELSE 1
            END AS bit)AS IsNullable
     , COLUMNPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID('[' + col.TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + col.TABLE_NAME + ']'), col.COLUMN_NAME, 'IsIdentity')AS IsIdentity
     , COLUMNPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID('[' + col.TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + col.TABLE_NAME + ']'), col.COLUMN_NAME, 'IsComputed')AS IsComputed
     , CAST(ISNULL(pk.is_primary_key, 0)AS bit)AS IsPrimaryKey
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS AS col
       LEFT JOIN(SELECT SCHEMA_NAME(o.schema_id)AS TABLE_SCHEMA
                      , o.name AS TABLE_NAME
                      , c.name AS COLUMN_NAME
                      , i.is_primary_key
                   FROM sys.indexes AS i JOIN sys.index_columns AS ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id
                                                                     AND i.index_id = ic.index_id
                                         JOIN sys.objects AS o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
                                         LEFT JOIN sys.columns AS c ON ic.object_id = c.object_id
                                                                   AND c.column_id = ic.column_id
                  WHERE i.is_primary_key = 1)AS pk ON col.TABLE_NAME = pk.TABLE_NAME
                                                  AND col.TABLE_SCHEMA = pk.TABLE_SCHEMA
                                                  AND col.COLUMN_NAME = pk.COLUMN_NAME
 WHERE col.TABLE_NAME = 'YourTableName'
   AND col.TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo'
 ORDER BY col.TABLE_NAME, col.ORDINAL_POSITION;

select
      c.name as [column name], 
      t.name as [type name],
      tbl.name as [table name]
from sys.columns c
         inner join sys.types t 
      on c.system_type_id = t.system_type_id 
         inner join sys.tables tbl
      on c.object_id = tbl.object_id
where
      c.object_id = OBJECT_ID('YourTableName1') 
          and 
      t.name like '%YourSearchDataType%'
union
(select
      c.name as [column name], 
      t.name as [type name],
      tbl.name as [table name]
from sys.columns c
         inner join sys.types t 
      on c.system_type_id = t.system_type_id 
         inner join sys.tables tbl
      on c.object_id = tbl.object_id
where
      c.object_id = OBJECT_ID('YourTableName2') 
          and 
      t.name like '%YourSearchDataType%')
union
(select
      c.name as [column name], 
      t.name as [type name],
      tbl.name as [table name]
from sys.columns c
         inner join sys.types t 
      on c.system_type_id = t.system_type_id 
         inner join sys.tables tbl
      on c.object_id = tbl.object_id
where
      c.object_id = OBJECT_ID('YourTableName3') 
          and 
      t.name like '%YourSearchDataType%')
order by tbl.name

Para buscar qué columna está en qué tabla según su tipo de datos de búsqueda para tres tablas diferentes en una base de datos. Esta consulta es expandible a 'n' tablas.

Wite el nombre de la tabla en el editor de consultas seleccione el nombre y presione Alt+F1 y traerá toda la información de la tabla.

SELECT COLUMN_NAME, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '<name_of_table_or_view>'

Ejecute SELECT * en la instrucción anterior para ver qué information_schema.devuelve columnas.

Esta pregunta ha sido respondida previamente - https://stackoverflow.com/a/11268456/6169225

SELECT  
   T.NAME AS [TABLE NAME]
   ,C.NAME AS [COLUMN NAME]
   ,P.NAME AS [DATA TYPE]
   ,P.MAX_LENGTH AS [Max_SIZE]
   ,C.[max_length] AS [ActualSizeUsed]
   ,CAST(P.PRECISION AS VARCHAR) +'/'+ CAST(P.SCALE AS VARCHAR) AS [PRECISION/SCALE]
FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T
JOIN SYS.COLUMNS AS C
    ON T.OBJECT_ID = C.OBJECT_ID
JOIN SYS.TYPES AS P
    ON C.SYSTEM_TYPE_ID = P.SYSTEM_TYPE_ID
    AND C.[user_type_id] = P.[user_type_id]
WHERE T.TYPE_DESC='USER_TABLE'
  AND T.name = 'InventoryStatus'
ORDER BY 2

Find combine result for Datatype and Length and is nullable in form of "NULL" and "Not null" Use below query.

SELECT c.name AS 'Column Name',
       t.name + '(' + cast(c.max_length as varchar(50)) + ')' As 'DataType',
       case 
         WHEN  c.is_nullable = 0 then 'null' else 'not null'
         END AS 'Constraint'
  FROM sys.columns c
  JOIN sys.types t
    ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id
 WHERE c.object_id    = Object_id('TableName')

Usted encontrará el resultado como se muestra a continuación.

Gracias.